Our Precious Bodily Fluids
Aluminium and fluoride in drinking water in relation to later dementia risk
Aluminium and fluoride in drinking water in relation to later dementia risk
Tom C Russ 1, Lewis O J Killin 2, Jean Hannah 3, G David Batty 4, Ian J Deary 5, John M Starr 6
Affiliations expand
PMID: 30868981
DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2018.287
Abstract
Background: Environmental risk factors for dementia are poorly understood. Aluminium and fluorine in drinking water have been linked with dementia but uncertainties remain about this relationship.
Aims: In the largest longitudinal study in this context, we set out to explore the individual effect of aluminium and fluoride in drinking water on dementia risk and, as fluorine can increase absorption of aluminium, we also examine any synergistic influence on dementia.
Method: We used Cox models to investigate the association between mean aluminium and fluoride levels in drinking water at their residential location (collected 2005-2012 by the Drinking Water Quality Regulator for Scotland) with dementia in members of the Scottish Mental Survey 1932 cohort who were alive in 2005.
Results: A total of 1972 out of 6990 individuals developed dementia by the linkage date in 2012. Dementia risk was raised with increasing mean aluminium levels in women (hazard ratio per s.d. increase 1.09, 95% CI 1.03-1.15, P < 0.001) and men (1.12, 95% CI 1.03-1.21, P = 0.004). A dose-response pattern of association was observed between mean fluoride levels and dementia in women (1.34, 95% CI 1.28-1.41, P < 0.001) and men (1.30, 95% CI 1.22-1.39, P < 0.001), with dementia risk more than doubled in the highest quartile compared with the lowest. There was no statistical interaction between aluminium and fluoride levels in relation with dementia.
Conclusions: Higher levels of aluminium and fluoride were related to dementia risk in a population of men and women who consumed relatively low drinking-water levels of both.
Keywords: Dementia; epidemiology; neuropathology.
Similar articles
Zhang LE, Huang D, Yang J, Wei X, Qin J, Ou S, Zhang Z, Zou Y.Environ Pollut. 2017 Mar;222:118-125. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.12.074. Epub 2017 Jan 4.PMID: 28063715
Wei Y, Zhu J, Wetzstein SA.Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2021 Jan 15;208:111670. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111670. Epub 2020 Nov 20.PMID: 33396180
Blakey K, Feltbower RG, Parslow RC, James PW, Gómez Pozo B, Stiller C, Vincent TJ, Norman P, McKinney PA, Murphy MF, Craft AW, McNally RJ.Int J Epidemiol. 2014 Feb;43(1):224-34. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyt259. Epub 2014 Jan 14.PMID: 24425828 Free PMC article.
High Concentration of Fluoride Can Be Increased Risk of Abortion.
Moghaddam VK, Yousefi M, Khosravi A, Yaseri M, Mahvi AH, Hadei M, Mohammadi AA, Robati Z, Mokammel A.Biol Trace Elem Res. 2018 Oct;185(2):262-265. doi: 10.1007/s12011-018-1250-0. Epub 2018 Mar 14.PMID: 29541994
[Aluminum and Alzheimer's disease].
Belojević G, Jakovljević B.Srp Arh Celok Lek. 1998 Jul-Aug;126(7-8):283-9.PMID: 9863396 Review. Serbian.
Truly a wonder any animals are left alive after the multiple attempts to poison us. The older I get the more I am surprised at this. Poisoned and alive - such a fate. There ought to be a law. Weren’t we supposed to be smarter at this?